The morphological studies and researches are very important for organizing the river and determining the river bed and zone. There are several hydraulic factors that make the scouring phenomenon intense at the location of hydraulic structures constructed on the beach of the river. The seawall erosion of river via water is regarded as the common and known phenomena of rivers of Khuzestan Province. So, execution of conservative practices and stabilization of side walls of the river is so essential. In the present research, the main aim is to determine the best method for stabilization of coastal on the basis of the study area by simulation and comparison of various conservation methods of coastal. For this purpose, a range of Zohreh River with the length of 60 Km was selected as the model area along with coastal protection structures. The organizing methods of the research encompass groin, riprap layer, construction of the concrete wall, vegetation, embankment and submerged plates. First, the river was modeled in Arc View software using topographic maps and the obtained results were imported into HEC-RAS software for applying hydraulic conditions. Then, various parameters of flow under conditions of organizing methods were compared with current state of the river. Finally, the groin-embankment option was selected as the best method in terms of hydraulic among alternatives, due to a %13. 5 reduction in shear stress relative to the existing conditions, implying erosion decrease of river coastal.

Background and Aim: In clinical practice it is commonly assumed that occlusal splints have therapeutic value in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), however there is still lack of sufficient evidence to support this claim. The purpose of this double-blind study was to evaluate the short-term (8-week) efficacy of a stabilization splint in subjects with temporomandibular disorders seeking treatment.Materials and Methods: Seventeen TMD patients were treated with stabilization splints for eight weeks. In addition to filling out questionnaires, all patients underwent a preoperative and postoperative clinical-functional investigation of the masticatory system. Qualitative data were analyzed using Fisher exact and Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon signed ranks test was applied to report quantitative data.Results: A statistically significant decrease was observed postoperatively in the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index (P=0.000) as well as the anamnestic dysfunction index (P=0.020). In addition there was a statistically significant decrease in muscle tenderness, after treatment (P=.002).Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the use of a stabilization splint is beneficial in treatment of the signs and symptoms of TMD, and especially has a positive effect on muscle tenderness.

The use of vegetation cover for the sustainable riverbank stabilization is not only economical in most cases, but also ameliorates the landscape. The purpose of this research was to evaluate vegetatative stabilization of the Ferizi River, s erodible banks. Considering that each vegetative form offers a unique type of protection, 8 grass species, short shrub and a tree species were selected for this research. Salix eleganos Scop., Salix alba L. Elaeagnos angustifolia L. were planted at suitable spacing on the banks. A plot without vegetative protection was established as the control steel pins with specific lengths were driven in to the banks at two rows and three cross sections. The depth of erosion was measured monthly for 4 years by an increase in the length of the pins outside of the river side on transects. The flow data were collected at the hydrometry station. The results indicated that shrub and tree cover performed satisfactorily in stabilizing the riverbank. The erosion depth for the shrub and tree cover was <1% of the control; this was 50% for the grass cover; therefore it was not as effective in erosion control as we had expected. The reason for this poor performance is due to the growth season of these grass species which is not synchronized with flooding season of the Ferizi River. It is interesting to note that the study duration coincided with the 5-year flow regime of the river.

Spur-dikes are river cross structures attached to river banks which cause flow deflection. Optimization modeling of spur-dikes is composed of three modules: morphological, design and optimization module. Morphological module is applied to investigate river stability. Stable cross-section dimensions are computed by maximum sediment transport capacity of external hypothesis. Then, by applying appropriate design criteria for spur-dikes components, such as length, height, distance, number and scour hole depth, construction cost are minimized in design module. Finally, results obtained from morphological and design modules are formulated as a nonlinear multi objective optimization function by weighting method in optimization module to compute optimum dimensions of the spur-dikes. In other words, optimization module is a weighting combination of two objective functions of design and morphological module. The developed model computes variation of construction cost of super-dike with respect to sediment transport capacity of the canal, an indicative of river stability. By applying Zanjanrood river data near Sarcham Bridge, the model has been calibrated for weighting coefficient of 0.6 and 0.4 for cost and sediment transport capacity functions, respectively. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out with respect to bed load and scour hole depth equations, which shows that they play an important role in determination of the super-dikes dimensions and construction cost. Among the bed load equations applied, Englund & Fredsoe’s have shown maximum sediment transport capacity and minimum cost while van Rijn’s, on the contrary, performed minimum sediment transport capacity and maximum cost.

Zola River contains the most important fresh waters of West Azarbaijan province. The water surface of Urmia lake basin flows in this river. Sarnagh bridge is located on this river on the Sarnagh-Salmas road. Destructive flood event with high return time in river banks especially beside urban and rural residents cause many financial damages and life threats. So, exploring the river’s hydraulic behavior is essential. This study explored the Zola river bed and realm boundary and its floods bond affected by bridges structure. It studied the Zola River in Sarnagh road bridge position using HEC-RAS model. At first, using river 1:2000 scale topographic maps, ArcGIS software with HEC-Geo RAS extension, and HEC-RAS software, river discharge flow with 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 return time were analyzed for two scenarios. First scenario simulated the normal flow condition of the river and second one simulated the river flow, considering the effects of cross over structure of the bridge. The flow with 25 year return was used to model the design due to regional circumstances and controlled by 100 year return time flow, evaluating river bed extend before and after bridge structures. The results showed that narrow flow in bridge place causes flow reduction, flow reversal, deposition in upstream, as well as increase in the flow, erosion and foaming in the downstream of the bridge, which necessitates a bed stabilization structure.

Dez River is one of the five most important permanent rivers of khouzestan province of Iran where there are about 15873 ha riparian groves, growing in continuous or discontinuous forms at different densities. Ten tree and shrub species were used in this experiment to increase diversity at the riparian groves of Dez River and use them for rehabilitation and expansion program of the groves. The trail was conducted under experimental design of Randomized Complete Blocks with three replicates in 1993 at rainfed condition and in 2001. Ninety seedlings of each species were planted at each plot (3x3 m.) Survival and average of height and diameter of the species were recorded. Effects of drought and water logging period on the species performance were investigated. Six of the species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis 9616, E. microtheca, Acacia farnesiana, A. salicina, A. stenophylla and Dalbergia sisso) were the most resistant to ecological condition due to their high percentage of survival (> 75%). Acacia victoriae was eliminated from the trail at the second year, because of its low resistant to soil and climate fragile conditions. The species E. camaldulensis 9616, Dalbergia sisso and A. salicina achieved the greatest average of height and diameter growth rate.

Root system is one of the factors affecting soil shear strength, increasing it, and thus bringing about slope stability. This study investigates the root system of Tamarix trees on slope of riverbanks and in the direction of their flow. A number of five trees (from TAMARIX species) grown on the river bank were selected each within a distance of about one km from SAIMEREH River in Ilam Province. Circle profile trenching method was employed to obtain and study the root characteristics. In the direct on of flow, the number and diameter of roots were recorded on up and downside region of the plants. Results show that the number of roots on the upside region is about 11.6 percent more than those on the downside region. For all diameters, the number of roots in up region is more than those  on the downside region. The average root diameter on the upside region is higher than that on the downside region. Total root area on the upper region is about 23 percent more than that in down region. On up region, thick roots contain more of total root but on down region it is the inverse. It is observed that, in direct flow, root system of riparian trees on riverbank is asymmetrical.

One of the noticeable slope types is land slide that has affected human life with economic and social destruction. The factors of slope, geological factors, land use and settlements of rural area, deforestation, destruction of agricultural soils can be affected in land slides.Recognition of landslides area and zoning it, could help land use and low hazards in this area. This phenomenon can help environmental planning and managers for the safety lives of settlements and planning management crises.\The aim of this paper is to study physical and humanity factors which affect landslide and to provide a solution.The research method of this paper is descriptive and the result has shown that for the management of landslide, GIS for analyzing data and integrated river basin management are needed. Up to now there have been many studies about landslides phenomena which hava submitted deferent methods for stability in Iran and in the world. It has been found that management crises center in the capital of provinces and important urban areas.

Erosion of the river bed and the drop in its level exposes all protective structures to damage and increase the level of the downstream bed which makes the river wider and causes the land of around it faces the flood risk. Therefore, determination of hydraulic parameters including effective stresses are very important. In this research, after calibrating the HEC-RAS numerical model, hydraulic simulation of the river was performed and the bed stress conditions were calculated. Then, the areas of the river bed that are subject to erosion were investigated using methods of critical shear stress, RBS index and critical unit discharge. Finally, stabilization structures for erosion control of the river bed were designed to modify the areas exposed to erosion. A reach of Karun River was investigated. A total of 14 erodible areas were identified along the main channel of the river. For these areas, the ripe rape, check dam, protective geobag cover and drop structures were designed. The D50 of ripe rap was found to be 11.02 cm. Maynard's formula (1989) in the design of ripe rap is in good agreement with the real conditions. The height of check dams was considered to be 1.8 m and D65 was 89 cm for all sections. The number of check dams in each interval was determined between 0 and 5. Bags with a volume of 1540 cm3 filled with sand were designed as a geobag cover. The height of the drops was considered to be 1.5 m for all sections, and the depth of the end sill, the length of the stilling basin and the height of the drop overflow were in the range of 0.02-0.29, 3.21-6.45 and 0.26-0.43 m, respectively.